Fastening technology
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General tolerances, tables, standards
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| SI units system |
| Conversion tables |
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Conversion table for units of force |
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Conversion table for units of mechanical stress |
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Conversion table for units of work, energy and heat |
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Conversion table for units of power and heat flow |
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Conversion table for units of pressure for gases, vapours and liquids |
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Conversion of the units into SI units |
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Conversion tables metric – USA, USA – metric |
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Hardness comparison table |
| Designations of different national standards (according to ISO) |
| Basic tolerances and tolerance fields |
Materials screws & nuts
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| Definition of mechanical properties for screws |
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Tensile strength Rm [N/mm2] |
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Yield strength ReL [N/mm2] |
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0.2% limit Rp0,2 [N/mm2] |
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Elongation at fracture A [%] |
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Tensile strength under wedge loading |
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Head soundness |
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Hardness |
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Notch Impact Strength [Joule] ISO 83 |
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Surface Flaws |
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Decarburization |
| Screws property class 4.6 to 12.9 |
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Mechanical and physical properties of screws |
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Minimum ultimate tensile loads |
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Proof loads of screws |
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Materials, heat treatment, chemical compositions |
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Characteristics at elevated temperatures |
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Characteristics at higher strength (if ≥ 1 000 N/mm2) |
| Nuts property classes 04 to 12 |
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Mechanical properties of nuts with ISO metricthreads (coarse) |
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Designation system and stress under proof loadfor nuts with height ≥ 0,5 d, but < 0,8 d |
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Test loads for nuts |
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Test loads for nuts 0,8 d |
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Chemical composition of nuts |
| Set screws property classes 14 H to 45 H |
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Mechanical properties |
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Materials, heat treatment and chemical composition |
| Screws, bolts, nuts |
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Marking and mechanical properties of hex headfasteners UNC / UNF |
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Marking and designation of fasteners with reduced loadability |
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Marking of fasteners |
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Marking of studbolts |
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Marking of nuts according to ISO |
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Marking of nuts according to DIN |
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Pairing screws and nuts ≥ 0,8 d |
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Marking of stainless steels screws and nuts |
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DIN 7500 | white paper |
| Screws and nuts for high and low temperatures |
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Mechanical properties min. 0,2 % yield strength values at increased temperatures |
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Typical values for the density and static modulus of elasticity |
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Typical values for the coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity and heat capacity |
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Table of materials for temperature over +300 °C |
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Table of materials for low temperatures from–200 °C to –10 °C |
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Pairing materials for screws and nuts |
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Ductility of steels at low temperatures |
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Yield strength and tensile strength of steels at low temperatures |
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Elastic elongation of bolts with reduced shanks |
| Stainless steel fasteners |
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ISO-designated steel groups |
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Material groups |
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Chemical composition of corrosion resistant stainless steels |
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Chemical composition of corrosion resistant stainless steels by material number |
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Distinctive features of stainless austenitic steels |
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Time-temperature diagram of intergranular corrosion in austenitic stainless steels |
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Chemical resistance of stainless austenitic steels |
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Technical arguments for the use of fasteners made from rust-resistant austenitic chromenickel
steels A1, A2, A4, A8 |
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Mechanical properties for fasteners made from austenitic stainless steel |
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Minimum breaking torque MB min for screws madefrom austenitic steel with threads M1,6 to M16 (normal thread) |
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Reference values for 0,2 % Rp0,2 at higher temperatures as % of the values at room temperature |
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Marking of screws and nuts |
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Galling of stainless steel fasteners | white paper |
| Fasteners of various materials |
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Non-ferrous metal |
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Special materials |
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Thermoplastics |
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Elastomere |
Corrosion protection
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About corrosion | white paper |
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Galvanic process |
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Coating thicknesses for parts with external thread |
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Further galvanic coating processes |
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Further surface treatments |
Arrangement, design, assembly
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| Selection of fasteners |
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Estimation of screw diameters |
| Fatigue resistance
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Strength under dynamic load |
| Length of engaged thread |
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Recommended minimum lengths of engaged thread in cutted internal threads on components |
| Surface pressure when mounted |
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Typical values for allowable surface pressures for different materials |
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Surface pressure under the head of a hexagon screw |
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Surface pressure under the head of a socket head cap screw |
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Surface pressure under the screw head |
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Guide to the use of flat washers for screws and nuts |
| Friction and friction coefficients
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Relation of friction coefficient classes to guideline values for various materials / surfaces and types of lubrication, for screw connections |
| Tightening method, tightening factor αA |
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Approximate values for static coefficient of friction μT in the separation joint |
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Guideline values for the tightening factor αA and the resulting pre-stress forces in assembly |
| Preload and tightening torques |
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How to use reference values |
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Approximate values for metric coarse threads VDI 2230 |
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Approximate values for metric fine threads VDI 2230 |
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Stud bolts with reduced shank |
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Tightening torques for plastic screws / Polyamide 6.6 |
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Approximate values for austenitic stainless steel A1 / A2 / A4 |
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Fasteners with internal drives and lower headshape |
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Flange screws and flange nuts |
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Reference values for tightening torque NORD-LOCK® washers wedge-locking system |
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High strength structural bolts for steel constructions (HV sets) |
| Securely fastened joints |
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Summary of constructive measures for locking screw joints |
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Overview of effectiveness for bolted joint locking solutions and solutions for prevention of loss |
| Shear loads for pins |
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Static shear loads for spring-pin joints |
| Construction recommendations |
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Construction recommendations |
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Direct assembly into metals using thread forming screws |
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Direct assembly into stainless steels using thread forming screws |
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Direct assembly in thermoplastics using Delta PT® screws |
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Direct assembly in thermoplastics usingPT® screws / ecosyn®-plast |
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Sheet metal joints |
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Minimum breaking torque for sheet metal screws |
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Selection criteria for self-tapping Ensat® inserts |
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Internal drives for screws |
| Assembly tools
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Shapes of driving features and assigned tool sizes |
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Basic concept and nominal dimensions |
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Clearance fit on metric ISO threads |
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Tolerance fields for commercial screws and nuts |
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Limits for metric (standard) coarse threads |
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Selection series for coarse threads |
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Limits for metric fine threads |
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Selection series for fine threads |
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Permissible tolerances for plastic fasteners |
